Scala quiz. Which recursive calls are optimized by Scala compl

Which recursive calls are optimized by Scala complier, so they run just as quickly as hand-optimized versions that use while loops?

def bang(x: Int): Int =
  if (x == 0) throw new Exception("bang!")
  else bang(x - 1)

def isEven(x: Int): Boolean =
  if (x == 0) true else isOdd(x - 1)
def isOdd(x: Int): Boolean =
  if (x == 0) false else isEven(x - 1)

val funValue = nestedFun _
def nestedFun(x: Int) {
  if (x != 0) { println(x); funValue(x - 1) }
}

Explanation

Get an explanation when it's available:

Scala optimizes the tail recursive call:

def bang(x: Int): Int = 
  if (x == 0) throw new Exception("bang!")
  else bang(x - 1)

scala> bang(5)
java.lang.Exception: bang!
      at .bang(<console>:5)
      at .<init>(<console>:6)

Scala only optimizes directly recursive calls back to the same function making the call. If the recursion is indirect, no optimization is possible:

def isEven(x: Int): Boolean =
  if (x == 0) true else isOdd(x - 1)
def isOdd(x: Int): Boolean =
  if (x == 0) false else isEven(x - 1)

You also won't get a tail-call optimization if the final call goes to a function value.

val funValue = nestedFun _
def nestedFun(x: Int) { 
  if (x != 0) { println(x); funValue(x - 1) }
}